'Shadows - Invisible Cities' is a video film series which explores my understanding and belief in Spiritualism through the the use of natural shadow and light movement filmed against solid or textured surfaces. Colored film gels are used to manipulate the variable points of light movemment in some of the films.

In Spiritualism vs religion, the spirit world is regarded as an external environment inhabited by spirits. Although independent from the natural world, both the spirit world and natural world are in constant interaction. Occasionly, these worlds consciously communicate with each other.

Traditional African concepts of reality and destiny are deeply rooted in the spirit world. The activities and the actions of the spirit beings govern all social and spiritual phenomena. First in the hierarchy is the Creator, then the deities, object-embodied spirits, ancestors' spirits and the miscellaneous spirits that are non-human. 

African religiosity acknowledges the reality of God but does not define God. The Maasai (Kenya and Tanzania) name for God, Engai means (among others) "the Unseen One, the Unknown One". Likewise, among the Tenda (Guinea), God is called Hounounga  which means: "the Unknown". Subsequently, nowhere in Africa do we find physical images or representations of God, the Creator of the universe.

 In general, traditional African concepts consider the universe to be in two interlocking parts: the visible and the invisible. Human beings live on the visible level, while spiritual beings exist on another, invisible level. Yet, there is a link between the two worlds: God. Spiritual beings may make their presence felt on the physical level just as humans sometimes project themselves into the spiritual level.

The more archaeologists and anthropologists continue to unearth physical evidence of the human races African origin, the more we find ourselves  coming to a place of acknowledging that early humans did indeed understand that spirit beings did indeed inhabit a space which exists between ourselves and the Creator.